Artificial Intelligence (AI) Policy

The journal recognizes that artificial intelligence may support legitimate research and manuscript preparation, but its use must remain transparent and subject to human responsibility.

AI Cannot Be an Author

Artificial intelligence systems and large language models cannot be listed as authors.

Authors

Authors remain responsible for:

accuracy;
originality;
research integrity;
references;
data;
analysis;
images;
conclusions; and
compliance with ethical standards.

Material use of generative AI in manuscript preparation should be disclosed where relevant.

Authors must verify AI-generated information and references.

AI must not be used to fabricate:

research data;
references;
quotations;
participants;
experimental findings;
measurements; or
scientific evidence.

AI as a Research Method

Where AI is a substantive research method, authors should report sufficient information concerning:

model or system;
dataset;
preprocessing;
training;
validation;
evaluation metrics;
limitations; and

Reviewers and Editors

Confidential manuscripts must not be uploaded to external AI systems where confidentiality cannot be assured.

AI must not replace independent scholarly review or human editorial decision-making.