Ethical Oversight

Authors must ensure that research complies with applicable ethical, professional, institutional, legal, environmental, and safety requirements.

Research Involving Humans

Research involving human participants, identifiable personal information, surveys, interviews, clinical information, or interventions must obtain ethical approval and informed consent where required.

Research Involving Animals

Animal research must comply with applicable institutional and animal-welfare requirements.

Environmental and Field Research

Research involving protected species, ecosystems, hazardous materials, or restricted locations must have appropriate authorization where required.

Laboratory and Engineering Safety

Research involving hazardous chemicals, biological materials, electrical systems, radiation, high-energy equipment, or potentially dangerous technologies must comply with relevant safety requirements.

Authors should report applicable ethics approval, permit, registration number, or consent information in the manuscript.