Research Misconduct

Research misconduct includes practices that compromise the reliability or integrity of scientific research.

Examples include:

fabrication of data;
falsification of results;
manipulation of datasets;
plagiarism;
inappropriate text recycling;
fabricated experiments;
manipulated images;
fabricated references;
duplicate publication;
peer-review manipulation;
citation manipulation;
fraudulent authorship; and
false ethical approval statements.

Authors may be asked to provide supporting research materials, including:

raw data;
laboratory records;
questionnaires;
statistical outputs;
source code;
simulation files;
original images;
ethical approvals; and
other relevant documentation.

Confirmed or serious unresolved concerns may result in rejection, correction, expression of concern, retraction, or communication with an appropriate institution.