Corrections & Retractions

The journal is committed to maintaining an accurate and trustworthy scholarly record.

Where problems are identified after publication, the journal may issue:

Correction
Erratum
Corrigendum
Expression of Concern
Retraction

A correction may be issued when an error affects part of an article but does not invalidate the overall findings.

A retraction may be considered where findings or conclusions are unreliable due to serious error, misconduct, plagiarism, duplicate publication, unethical research, fabricated evidence, manipulation, or another substantial integrity problem.

A retracted article will normally remain accessible as part of the scholarly record but will be clearly identified as retracted and linked to an explanatory retraction notice.