Authorship and Contributorship

Authorship must accurately reflect substantial intellectual contributions to the research.

Relevant contributions may include:

• conceptualization;
• methodology;
• software;
• hardware development;
• investigation;
• experimentation;
• data collection;
• formal analysis;
• validation;
• visualization;
• data curation;
• writing;
• critical revision;
• supervision; and
• project administration.

All listed authors must approve the submitted and final versions and accept responsibility for their respective contributions.

The journal does not permit:

• ghost authorship;
• gift authorship;
• guest authorship;
• honorary authorship; or
• artificial intelligence systems to be listed as authors.

Authors are encouraged to report individual contributions using the CRediT Contributor Roles Taxonomy where appropriate.

Requests for authorship changes must include a clear justification and agreement from all affected authors.

Related Policies:
Artificial Intelligence Policy | Conflict of Interest | Research Misconduct