Research Misconduct

Research misconduct includes any practice that compromises the integrity or reliability of scientific research.

Examples include:

• fabrication of experimental data;
• falsification;
• manipulated datasets;
• fabricated simulations;
• inappropriate image manipulation;
• plagiarism;
• duplicate publication;
• citation manipulation;
• fabricated references;
• fraudulent authorship;
• peer-review manipulation;
• false ethical approval statements; and
• misrepresentation of software, models, or experimental findings.

Authors may be required to provide raw data, source code, simulation files, laboratory records, original images, statistical outputs, ethical approvals, or other relevant documentation.

Serious unresolved concerns may be referred to appropriate institutions or research-integrity bodies.

Related Policies:
Publication Ethics | Plagiarism and Similarity Screening | Corrections and Retractions