Corrections & Retractions

The journal is committed to maintaining an accurate and reliable scholarly record.

If a significant error or integrity concern is discovered after publication, the journal may issue:

Correction;
Erratum;
Corrigendum;
Expression of Concern; or
Retraction

A correction may be issued when an error affects part of an article but does not invalidate its principal findings.

An expression of concern may be issued where serious questions exist but an investigation has not yet reached a definitive conclusion.

Retraction may be appropriate where findings are unreliable because of:

major error;
fabrication;
falsification;
plagiarism;
duplicate publication;
unethical research;
fraudulent authorship;
manipulated data;
compromised peer review; or
other serious integrity problems.

Retracted articles normally remain available as part of the scholarly record but must be prominently identified as retracted and linked to a retraction notice.